{
  "name": "Battery Manufacturer Directory Data",
  "description": "Verified company data for battery manufacturers — name, country, HQ, chemistry, products, verification levels per dimension (identity / capability / products / certifications), founded, ownership, listed status, cell formats and markets.",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "version": "2026-09",
  "dateModified": "2026-09-19",
  "creator": "World Battery Hub",
  "creatorUrl": "https://worldbatteryhub.com",
  "recordCount": 50,
  "data": [
    {
      "id": "catl",
      "name": "CATL",
      "chinese": "宁德时代",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Ningde, Fujian",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (LFP/NMC)",
      "products": "EV cells & packs, energy storage",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 2011,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
      "listed": "Shenzhen Stock Exchange (300750.SZ)",
      "cell_formats": [
        "prismatic",
        "cylindrical"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "EV",
        "energy storage"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "CATL"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": [
        "Tesla",
        "BMW",
        "Volkswagen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "byd",
      "name": "BYD",
      "chinese": "比亚迪",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Shenzhen, Guangdong",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (LFP)",
      "products": "EV Blade battery, energy storage",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 1995,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
      "listed": "Shenzhen (002594.SZ) · Hong Kong (1211.HK)",
      "cell_formats": [
        "Blade (prismatic LFP)"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "EV",
        "energy storage"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "BYD",
        "Blade Battery"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": [
        "Self (BYD vehicles)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "lg-energy-solution",
      "name": "LG Energy Solution",
      "chinese": null,
      "country": "South Korea",
      "hq": "Seoul",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (NMC/LFP)",
      "products": "EV cells & packs",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 2020,
      "ownership": "Public (listed); spun off from LG Chem",
      "listed": "Korea Exchange (373220.KS)",
      "cell_formats": [
        "pouch",
        "cylindrical"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "EV",
        "energy storage"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "LG Energy Solution"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": [
        "General Motors",
        "Tesla",
        "Hyundai"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "panasonic",
      "name": "Panasonic",
      "chinese": null,
      "country": "Japan",
      "hq": "Osaka",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (NMC)",
      "products": "EV cells (cylindrical)",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 1918,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
      "listed": "Tokyo Stock Exchange (6752.T)",
      "cell_formats": [
        "cylindrical"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "EV",
        "consumer electronics"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "Panasonic"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": [
        "Tesla"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "samsung-sdi",
      "name": "Samsung SDI",
      "chinese": null,
      "country": "South Korea",
      "hq": "Yongin",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (NMC)",
      "products": "EV cells & packs",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 1970,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
      "listed": "Korea Exchange (006400.KS)",
      "cell_formats": [
        "prismatic",
        "cylindrical"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "EV",
        "energy storage"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "Samsung SDI"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": [
        "BMW",
        "Stellantis"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "eve-energy",
      "name": "EVE Energy",
      "chinese": "亿纬锂能",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Huizhou, Guangdong",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (LFP)",
      "products": "Cells, power & storage",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": null,
      "ownership": null,
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "calb",
      "name": "CALB",
      "chinese": "中创新航",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Changzhou, Jiangsu",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (LFP/NMC)",
      "products": "EV cells & packs",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": null,
      "ownership": null,
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "clarios",
      "name": "Clarios",
      "chinese": null,
      "country": "USA",
      "hq": "Milwaukee, Wisconsin",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid (AGM/EFB)",
      "products": "Automotive SLI",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 2019,
      "ownership": "Private (Brookfield Business Partners)",
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": [
        "automotive"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "Optima",
        "Delkor",
        "Heliar"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "exide",
      "name": "Exide Technologies",
      "chinese": null,
      "country": "USA",
      "hq": "Milton, Georgia",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid",
      "products": "Automotive & industrial",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 1888,
      "ownership": "Private",
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": [
        "automotive",
        "industrial"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "Exide"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "varta",
      "name": "Varta",
      "chinese": null,
      "country": "Germany",
      "hq": "Ellwangen",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid",
      "products": "Automotive SLI/AGM/EFB",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 1887,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
      "listed": "Frankfurt Stock Exchange (VAR1.DE)",
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": [
        "automotive",
        "consumer"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "VARTA"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "enersys",
      "name": "EnerSys",
      "chinese": null,
      "country": "USA",
      "hq": "Reading, Pennsylvania",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid & lithium",
      "products": "Industrial, motive power",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 1999,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
      "listed": "NYSE (ENS)",
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": [
        "industrial",
        "motive power",
        "standby"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "EnerSys",
        "Odyssey",
        "Hawker",
        "PowerSafe"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "gs-yuasa",
      "name": "GS Yuasa",
      "chinese": null,
      "country": "Japan",
      "hq": "Kyoto",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid & lithium",
      "products": "Automotive & industrial",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 2004,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
      "listed": "Tokyo Stock Exchange (6674.T)",
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": [
        "automotive",
        "industrial"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "GS",
        "Yuasa"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "camel",
      "name": "Camel Group",
      "chinese": "骆驼集团",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Xiangyang, Hubei",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid",
      "products": "Automotive SLI/AGM",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": null,
      "ownership": null,
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "fengfan",
      "name": "Fengfan",
      "chinese": "风帆",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Baoding, Hebei",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid",
      "products": "Automotive SLI",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": null,
      "ownership": null,
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "tianneng",
      "name": "Tianneng Power",
      "chinese": "天能动力",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Changxing, Zhejiang",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid",
      "products": "Automotive & e-bike",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": null,
      "ownership": null,
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "chaowei",
      "name": "Chaowei Power",
      "chinese": "超威动力",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Changxing, Zhejiang",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid",
      "products": "Automotive & e-bike",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": null,
      "ownership": null,
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "gotion",
      "name": "Gotion High-Tech",
      "chinese": "国轩高科",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Hefei, Anhui",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (LFP)",
      "products": "EV cells & packs, storage",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": null,
      "ownership": null,
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "svolt",
      "name": "SVOLT",
      "chinese": "蜂巢能源",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Changzhou, Jiangsu",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (LFP/NMC)",
      "products": "EV cells & packs",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": null,
      "ownership": null,
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "sunwoda",
      "name": "Sunwoda",
      "chinese": "欣旺达",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Shenzhen, Guangdong",
      "chemistry": "Lithium",
      "products": "Consumer & EV cells",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": null,
      "ownership": null,
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "leoch",
      "name": "Leoch",
      "chinese": "理士国际",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Shenzhen, Guangdong",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid & lithium",
      "products": "Automotive & industrial",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": null,
      "ownership": null,
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "narada",
      "name": "Narada Power",
      "chinese": "南都电源",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Hangzhou, Zhejiang",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid & lithium",
      "products": "Industrial & storage",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": null,
      "ownership": null,
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "sacred-sun",
      "name": "Sacred Sun",
      "chinese": "圣阳",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Qufu, Shandong",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid",
      "products": "Industrial & telecom",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": null,
      "ownership": null,
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "aesc",
      "name": "AESC",
      "chinese": "远景动力",
      "country": "China / Japan",
      "hq": "Wuxi, Jiangsu",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (NMC)",
      "products": "EV cells & packs",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 2007,
      "ownership": "Envision Group subsidiary",
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": [
        "pouch"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "EV"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "AESC"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": [
        "Nissan"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "saft",
      "name": "Saft",
      "chinese": "帅福得",
      "country": "France",
      "hq": "Levallois-Perret",
      "chemistry": "Lithium & nickel & primary",
      "products": "Industrial, aerospace, defense",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (TotalEnergies subsidiary)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 1918,
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of TotalEnergies",
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": [
        "cylindrical",
        "prismatic"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "industrial",
        "aerospace",
        "defense"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "Saft"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "amara-raja",
      "name": "Amara Raja",
      "chinese": "阿玛拉·拉贾",
      "country": "India",
      "hq": "Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid & lithium",
      "products": "Automotive & industrial",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 1985,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
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      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": [
        "automotive",
        "industrial"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "Amaron"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "exide-industries",
      "name": "Exide Industries",
      "chinese": "Exide 工业",
      "country": "India",
      "hq": "Kolkata, West Bengal",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid",
      "products": "Automotive & industrial",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 1947,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
      "listed": "NSE / BSE (EXIDEIND)",
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": [
        "automotive",
        "industrial"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "Exide"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "farasis",
      "name": "Farasis Energy",
      "chinese": "孚能科技",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Ganzhou, Jiangxi",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (NMC/LFP)",
      "products": "EV cells & packs",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 2002,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
      "listed": "Shanghai STAR Market (688567.SS)",
      "cell_formats": [
        "pouch"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "EV"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "Farasis"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "rept",
      "name": "REPT Battero",
      "chinese": "瑞浦兰钧",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Wenzhou, Zhejiang",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (LFP)",
      "products": "EV & storage cells",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (listed, public footprint)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
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        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
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      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "acc",
      "name": "ACC (Automotive Cells Co)",
      "chinese": "ACC（欧洲汽车电池）",
      "country": "France / Germany / Italy",
      "hq": "Bruges, France",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (NMC)",
      "products": "EV cells & packs",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (Stellantis/Mercedes/TotalEnergies JV)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 2020,
      "ownership": "JV (Stellantis / Mercedes-Benz / Saft)",
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": [
        "prismatic"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "EV"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "ACC"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": [
        "Stellantis",
        "Mercedes-Benz"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "powerco",
      "name": "PowerCo (VW Group)",
      "chinese": "大众 PowerCo",
      "country": "Germany",
      "hq": "Salzgitter",
      "chemistry": "Lithium",
      "products": "EV cells",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Verified (Volkswagen Group battery arm)",
        "certifications": "Claimed — not independently accredited here",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "certificate_backed"
      },
      "founded": 2022,
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of Volkswagen Group",
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": [
        "prismatic (unified cell)"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "EV"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "PowerCo"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": [
        "Self (Volkswagen Group vehicles)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tesla",
      "name": "Tesla",
      "chinese": "特斯拉",
      "country": "United States",
      "hq": "Austin, Texas",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (NCA / NMC / LFP)",
      "products": "EV cells (4680) and battery packs",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Publicly traded (NASDAQ: TSLA); gigafactories in Nevada and Texas",
        "certifications": "Automotive-grade cell production claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
      "founded": 2003,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
      "listed": "NASDAQ (TSLA)",
      "cell_formats": [
        "4680 (cylindrical)"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "EV",
        "energy storage"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "Tesla"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": [
        "Self (Tesla vehicles)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "sk-on",
      "name": "SK On",
      "chinese": "SK新能源",
      "country": "South Korea",
      "hq": "Seoul",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (NMC / LFP)",
      "products": "EV cells",
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        "company": "SK Group subsidiary; US plants in Georgia and Kentucky",
        "certifications": "Automotive OEM supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
      "founded": 2021,
      "ownership": "Subsidiary of SK Innovation",
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": [
        "pouch"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "EV"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "SK On"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": [
        "Ford",
        "Hyundai"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "northvolt",
      "name": "Northvolt",
      "chinese": "北伏",
      "country": "Sweden",
      "hq": "Stockholm",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (NMC)",
      "products": "EV cells (Ett gigafactory)",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Was Europe's flagship cell venture; entered bankruptcy proceedings in 2025",
        "certifications": "Automotive offtake agreements claimed per company reporting (pre-bankruptcy)",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
      "founded": 2016,
      "ownership": "Private (venture-backed)",
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": [
        "prismatic",
        "cylindrical"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "EV",
        "energy storage"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "Northvolt"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": [
        "BMW",
        "Volkswagen",
        "Scania"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "lishen",
      "name": "Lishen",
      "chinese": "力神电池",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Tianjin",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (NMC / LFP)",
      "products": "EV, power tool and storage cells",
      "verification": {
        "company": "State-linked cell maker, long automotive supply history",
        "certifications": "Automotive supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
      "founded": null,
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      "markets": null,
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      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "cbak",
      "name": "CBAK Energy",
      "chinese": "比克电池",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Shenzhen / Dalian",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (NMC / LFP)",
      "products": "Cylindrical cells, EV and tool batteries",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Publicly traded (NASDAQ: CBAT)",
        "certifications": "Automotive and tool supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
      "founded": 2001,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
      "listed": "NASDAQ (CBAT)",
      "cell_formats": [
        "cylindrical"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "EV",
        "power tools"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "CBAK"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "coslight",
      "name": "Coslight",
      "chinese": "光宇国际",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Harbin",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid + Lithium",
      "products": "Telecom and industrial batteries",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Long-standing telecom battery supplier",
        "certifications": "Telecom supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
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      },
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      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "shoto",
      "name": "Shoto (Shuangdeng)",
      "chinese": "双登集团",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Jiangsu",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid + Lithium",
      "products": "Telecom, data-centre and storage batteries",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Major telecom standby supplier",
        "certifications": "Telecom tender participation per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
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      "ownership": null,
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      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "east-penn",
      "name": "East Penn Manufacturing",
      "chinese": "东宾夕法尼亚制造",
      "country": "United States",
      "hq": "Lyon Station, Pennsylvania",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid (flooded / AGM)",
      "products": "Automotive (Deka), industrial and reserve power batteries",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Privately held; one of the largest US lead-acid makers",
        "certifications": "OEM supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
      "founded": 1946,
      "ownership": "Private (family-owned)",
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": [
        "automotive",
        "industrial"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "Deka"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "trojan",
      "name": "Trojan Battery",
      "chinese": "特洛伊电池",
      "country": "United States",
      "hq": "Santa Fe Springs, California",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid (flooded / AGM deep-cycle)",
      "products": "Deep-cycle golf, floor-machine and renewable batteries",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Deep-cycle specialist, C&D Technologies group",
        "certifications": "Golf and RE supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
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    },
    {
      "id": "cnd-technologies",
      "name": "C&D Technologies",
      "chinese": "C&D技术",
      "country": "United States",
      "hq": "Horsham, Pennsylvania",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid (VRLA) + Lithium",
      "products": "Standby power for telecom and utilities",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Standby-power specialist; owner of Trojan Battery",
        "certifications": "Utility and telecom supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
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        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
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    },
    {
      "id": "fiamm",
      "name": "FIAMM Energy Technology",
      "chinese": "菲亚姆",
      "country": "Italy",
      "hq": "Montecchio Maggiore",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid (AGM / gel) + Lithium",
      "products": "Automotive, motive power and standby batteries",
      "verification": {
        "company": "European automotive and industrial battery maker",
        "certifications": "OEM supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
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      },
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    },
    {
      "id": "banner",
      "name": "Banner Batteries",
      "chinese": "班纳电池",
      "country": "Austria",
      "hq": "Linz",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid (flooded / EFB / AGM)",
      "products": "Automotive starter batteries",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Central European starter-battery maker",
        "certifications": "OEM supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
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      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "mutlu",
      "name": "Mutlu Aku",
      "chinese": "穆特卢",
      "country": "Turkey",
      "hq": "Istanbul",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid (flooded / EFB / AGM)",
      "products": "Automotive starter batteries",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Turkey's largest battery maker, export-oriented",
        "certifications": "OEM supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
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    },
    {
      "id": "atlasbx",
      "name": "AtlasBX (Hankook & Company)",
      "chinese": "阿特拉斯BX",
      "country": "South Korea",
      "hq": "Daejeon",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid (flooded / AGM)",
      "products": "Automotive starter batteries (Hankook brand)",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Korean lead-acid major with US plants",
        "certifications": "OEM and aftermarket supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
      "founded": null,
      "ownership": null,
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      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
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      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "furukawa",
      "name": "Furukawa Battery",
      "chinese": "古河电池",
      "country": "Japan",
      "hq": "Yokohama",
      "chemistry": "Lead-acid + Lithium",
      "products": "Automotive (UltraBattery lineage), industrial and aerospace batteries",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Long-standing Japanese battery maker",
        "certifications": "OEM supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
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    },
    {
      "id": "toshiba",
      "name": "Toshiba (SCiB)",
      "chinese": "东芝",
      "country": "Japan",
      "hq": "Tokyo",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (LTO — lithium titanate)",
      "products": "SCiB fast-charge, long-life cells",
      "verification": {
        "company": "SCiB LTO cells for buses, trains and infrastructure",
        "certifications": "Safety and cycle claims per company datasheets",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
      "founded": 1875,
      "ownership": "Private (taken private 2023)",
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": [
        "prismatic (LTO)"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "automotive",
        "industrial",
        "grid"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "SCiB"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": [
        "Mitsubishi"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "murata",
      "name": "Murata Manufacturing",
      "chinese": "村田制作所",
      "country": "Japan",
      "hq": "Kyoto",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (consumer cells)",
      "products": "Cylindrical cells (Sony battery heritage)",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Acquired Sony's battery business in 2017",
        "certifications": "Consumer-grade supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
      "founded": 1944,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
      "listed": "Tokyo Stock Exchange (6981.T)",
      "cell_formats": [
        "cylindrical"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "consumer electronics"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "Murata"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "microvast",
      "name": "Microvast",
      "chinese": "微宏动力",
      "country": "United States / China",
      "hq": "Stafford, Texas",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (NMC / LFP)",
      "products": "Commercial-vehicle and bus batteries",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Publicly traded (NASDAQ: MVST)",
        "certifications": "Bus and CV supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
      "founded": 2006,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
      "listed": "NASDAQ (MVST)",
      "cell_formats": [
        "prismatic",
        "pouch"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "commercial vehicles",
        "buses"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "Microvast"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "hithium",
      "name": "Hithium",
      "chinese": "海辰储能",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Xiamen",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (LFP)",
      "products": "Stationary storage cells and systems",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Fast-growing storage cell specialist",
        "certifications": "Storage project supply claimed per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
      "founded": null,
      "ownership": null,
      "listed": null,
      "cell_formats": null,
      "markets": null,
      "brands": null,
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    },
    {
      "id": "ganfeng",
      "name": "Ganfeng Lithium",
      "chinese": "赣锋锂业",
      "country": "China",
      "hq": "Xinyu, Jiangxi",
      "chemistry": "Lithium (LFP / NMC) + lithium materials",
      "products": "Lithium chemicals and battery cells",
      "verification": {
        "company": "Publicly traded (HKEX/CN); lithium supplier turned cell maker",
        "certifications": "Supply chain position per company reporting",
        "date": "2026-09"
      },
      "verification_level": "claimed",
      "verification_levels": {
        "identity": "publicly_identified",
        "capability": "publicly_identified",
        "products": "first_party",
        "certifications": "claimed"
      },
      "founded": 2000,
      "ownership": "Public (listed)",
      "listed": "Shenzhen (002460.SZ) · Hong Kong (1772.HK)",
      "cell_formats": [
        "prismatic",
        "cylindrical"
      ],
      "markets": [
        "lithium materials",
        "EV",
        "energy storage"
      ],
      "brands": [
        "Ganfeng"
      ],
      "subsidiaries": null,
      "oem_relationships": null
    }
  ]
}